أَلَمْ تَرَ إِلَى ٱلْمَلَإِ مِنۢ بَنِىٓ إِسْرَٰٓءِيلَ مِنۢ بَعْدِ مُوسَىٰٓ إِذْ قَالُوا۟ لِنَبِىٍّۢ لَّهُمُ ٱبْعَثْ لَنَا مَلِكًۭا نُّقَٰتِلْ فِى سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ ۖ قَالَ هَلْ عَسَيْتُمْ إِن كُتِبَ عَلَيْكُمُ ٱلْقِتَالُ أَلَّا تُقَٰتِلُوا۟ ۖ قَالُوا۟ وَمَا لَنَآ أَلَّا نُقَٰتِلَ فِى سَبِيلِ ٱللَّهِ وَقَدْ أُخْرِجْنَا مِن دِيَٰرِنَا وَأَبْنَآئِنَا ۖ فَلَمَّا كُتِبَ عَلَيْهِمُ ٱلْقِتَالُ تَوَلَّوْا۟ إِلَّا قَلِيلًۭا مِّنْهُمْ ۗ وَٱللَّهُ عَلِيمٌۢ بِٱلظَّٰلِمِينَ
Apakah kamu tidak memperhatikan pemuka-pemuka Bani Israil sesudah Nabi Musa, yaitu ketika mereka berkata kepada seorang Nabi mereka: "Angkatlah untuk kami seorang raja supaya kami berperang (di bawah pimpinannya) di jalan Allah". Nabi mereka menjawab: "Mungkin sekali jika kamu nanti diwajibkan berperang, kamu tidak akan berperang". Mereka menjawab: "Mengapa kami tidak mau berperang di jalan Allah, padahal sesungguhnya kami telah diusir dari anak-anak kami?". Maka tatkala perang itu diwajibkan atas mereka, merekapun berpaling, kecuali beberapa saja di antara mereka. Dan Allah Maha Mengetahui siapa orang-orang yang zalim.
Tafsir Ibn Kathir
The Story of the Jews Who sought a King to be appointed over Them
Mujahid said that the Prophet (mentioned in the Ayah 2:246 above) is Shamwil (Samuel). Wahb bin Munabbih said: The Children of Israel remained on the straight path for a period of time after Moses. They then innovated in the religion and some of them even worshipped the idols. Yet, there were always Prophets sent among them who would command them to work righteous deeds, refrain from doing evil and who would rule them according to the commands of the Torah. When they (Israelites) committed the evil that they committed, Allah caused their enemies to overwhelm them, and many fatalities fell among them as a consequence. Their enemies also captured a great number of them, and took over large areas of their land. Earlier, anyone who would fight the Israelites would lose, because they had the Torah and the Tabut, which they inherited generation after generation ever since the time of Moses, who spoke to Allah directly. Yet, the Israelites kept indulging in misguidance until some king took the Tabut from them during a battle. That king also took possession of the Torah, and only a few of the Israelites who memorized it remained. The prophethood halted among their various tribes and only a pregnant woman remained of the offspring of Lavi (Levi), in whom the prophethood still appeared. Her husband had been killed, so the Israelites kept her in a house so that Allah may give her a boy, who would be their Prophet. The woman also kept invoking Allah to grant her a boy. Allah heard her pleas and gave her a boy whom she called `Shamwil' meaning `Allah has heard my pleas.' Some people said that the boy's name was Sham`un (Simeon), which also has a similar meaning.As that boy grew, Allah raised him to be a righteous person. When he reached the age of prophethood, Allah revealed to him and commanded him to call (his people) to Him and to His Tawhid (Oneness). Shamwil called the Children of Israel (to Allah) and they asked him to appoint a king over them so that they could fight their enemies under his command. The kingship had also ended among them. Their Prophet said to them, "What if Allah appoints a king over you, would you fulfill your vow to fight under his command"
(They said, "Why should we not fight in Allah's way while we have been driven out of our homes and our children") meaning, `After our land had been confiscated and our children had been taken from us' Allah said:
(But when fighting was ordered for them, they turned away, all except a few of them. And Allah is All-Aware of the wrongdoers) meaning, only a few of them kept their promise, but the majority abandoned Jihad and Allah has full knowledge of them.
Hadits Terkait
Dan dengan sanad ini (Yaitu; Telah menceritakan kepada kami ['Abd bin Humaid] telah mengabarkan kepada kami [Abdurrazzaq] dari [Ma'mar] dari [Hammam bin Munabbih] dari [Abu Hurairah]) dari Nabi shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam: "Lalu orang-orang yang zhalim mengganti perintah dengan (mengerjakan) yang tidak diperintahkan kepada mereka." QS Al-Baqarah: 59, Beliau bersabda: "Mereka berkata; biji dalam rambut." Abu Isa berkata; Hadits ini hasan shahih
Telah menceritakan kepada kami ['Abd bin Humaid] telah mengabarkan kepada kami [Yazid bin Harun] telah mengabarkan kepada kami [Abdul Malik bin Abu Sulaiman] ia berkata; Aku mendengar [Sa'id bin Jubair] menceritakan dari [Ibnu Umar] ia berkata; Nabi shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam pernah shalat sunnah di atas kendaraan beliau kemana pun kendaraan beliau menghadap, ketika itu beliau pergi dari Makkah menuju Madinah. Setelah itu Ibnu Umar membaca ayat ini: "Dan kepunyaan Allah-lah timur dan barat." QS Al-Baqarah: 115. Ibnu Umar berkata; "Berkenaan dengan peristiwa itulah, ayat ini turun." Abu Isa berkata; Hadits ini hasan shahih. Diriwayatkan dari Qatadah, ia berkata tentang ayat ini: Dan kepunyaan Allah-lah timur dan barat, maka kemanapun kamu menghadap di situlah wajah Allah." QS Al-Baqarah: 115 Qatadah berkata; Ayat ini mansukhah, dinasakh dengan firman Allah, "Palingkanlah mukamu ke arah Masjidil Haram." QS Al-Baqarah: 144 yaitu arahnya. Telah menceritakan kepada kami yang demikian itu Muhammad bin Abdul Malik bin Abu Asy Syawarib, telah menceritakan kepada kami Yazid bin Zurai' dari Sa'id dari Qatadah. Dan diriwayatkan pula dari Mujahid tentang ayat ini: "Maka kemanapun kamu menghadap, di situlah wajah Allah." QS Al-Baqarah: 115, ia berkata; "Di sanalah kiblat Allah." Telah menceritakan kepada kami seperti itu Muhammad bin Al Ala` telah menceritakan kepada kami Waki' dari An Nadlr bin Arabi dari Mujahid seperti itu
Telah menceritakan kepada kami [Mahmud bin Ghailan] telah menceritakan kepada kami [Waki'] telah menceritakan kepada kami [Asy'ats As Samman] dari ['Ashim bin 'Ubaidullah] dari [Abdullah bin 'Amir bin Rabi'ah] dari [Ayahnya] ia berkata; Kami bersama Nabi shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam dalam suatu perjalanan di malam yang gelap, kami tidak tahu mana kiblat, masing-masing dari kami shalat menghadap sesuai arahnya. Di pagi harinya, kami menceritakan hal itu kepada Nabi shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam, lalu turunlah ayat: "Maka kemanapun kamu menghadap di situlah wajah Allah." QS Al-Baqarah:
Telah menceritakan kepada kami [Ahmad bin Mani'] telah menceritakan kepada kami [Husyaim] telah mengabarkan kepada kami [Humaid Ath Thawil] dari [Anas] ia berkata; [Umar bin Al Khaththab] radliallahu 'anhu berkata; Aku berkata kepada Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam; "Andai anda menjadikan sebagaian maqam untuk tempat shalat." Kemudian turunlah ayat: "Dan jadikanlah sebahagian maqam Ibrahim tempat shalat." QS Al-Baqarah: 125. Abu Isa berkata; Hadits ini hasan shahih. Dalam hal ini, ada hadits serupa dari Ibnu Umar
Telah menceritakan kepada kami [Ahmad bin Mani'] telah menceritakan kepada kami [Abu Muawiyah] telah menceritakan kepada kami [Al A'masy] dari [Abu Shalih] dari [Abu Sa'id] dari Nabi shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam tentang firman Allah: "Dan demikian (pula) Kami telah menjadikan kamu (umat Islam), umat yang adil dan pilihan agar kamu menjadi saksi atas (perbuatan) manusia." QS Al-Baqarah: 143, beliau bersabda: "Adil." Abu Isa berkata; Hadits ini hasan shahih