وَيَسْتَفْتُونَكَ فِى ٱلنِّسَآءِ ۖ قُلِ ٱللَّهُ يُفْتِيكُمْ فِيهِنَّ وَمَا يُتْلَىٰ عَلَيْكُمْ فِى ٱلْكِتَٰبِ فِى يَتَٰمَى ٱلنِّسَآءِ ٱلَّٰتِى لَا تُؤْتُونَهُنَّ مَا كُتِبَ لَهُنَّ وَتَرْغَبُونَ أَن تَنكِحُوهُنَّ وَٱلْمُسْتَضْعَفِينَ مِنَ ٱلْوِلْدَٰنِ وَأَن تَقُومُوا۟ لِلْيَتَٰمَىٰ بِٱلْقِسْطِ ۚ وَمَا تَفْعَلُوا۟ مِنْ خَيْرٍۢ فَإِنَّ ٱللَّهَ كَانَ بِهِۦ عَلِيمًۭا
Dan mereka minta fatwa kepadamu tentang para wanita. Katakanlah: "Allah memberi fatwa kepadamu tentang mereka, dan apa yang dibacakan kepadamu dalam Al Quran (juga memfatwakan) tentang para wanita yatim yang kamu tidak memberikan kepada mereka apa yang ditetapkan untuk mereka, sedang kamu ingin mengawini mereka dan tentang anak-anak yang masih dipandang lemah. Dan (Allah menyuruh kamu) supaya kamu mengurus anak-anak yatim secara adil. Dan kebajikan apa saja yang kamu kerjakan, maka sesungguhnya Allah adalah Maha Mengetahuinya.
Tafsir Ibn Kathir
The Ruling Concerning Female Orphans
Al-Bukhari recorded that `A'ishah said about the Ayah,
وَيَسْتَفْتُونَكَ فِى النِّسَآءِ قُلِ اللَّهُ يُفْتِيكُمْ فِيهِنَّ
(They ask your instruction concerning women. Say, "Allah instructs you about them...) until,
وَتَرْغَبُونَ أَن تَنكِحُوهُنَّ
(whom you desire to marry...) "It is about the man who is taking care of a female orphan, being her caretaker and inheritor. Her money is joined with his money to such an extent, that she shares with him even the branch of a date that he has. So he likes (for material gain) to marry her himself, and hates to marry her to another man who would have a share in his money, on account of her share in his money. Therefore, he refuses to let her marry anyone else. So, this Ayah was revealed." Muslim also recorded it. Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that `A'ishah said, "The people asked Allah's Messenger ﷺ (about orphan girls), so Allah revealed,
وَيَسْتَفْتُونَكَ فِى النِّسَآءِ قُلِ اللَّهُ يُفْتِيكُمْ فِيهِنَّ وَمَا يُتْلَى عَلَيْكُمْ فِى الْكِتَـبِ
(They ask your instruction concerning women. Say, "Allah instructs you about them and about what is recited unto you in the Book...") What is meant by Allah's saying, `And about what is recited unto you in the Book' is the former verse which said,
وَإِنْ خِفْتُمْ أَلاَّ تُقْسِطُواْ فِى الْيَتَـمَى فَانكِحُواْ مَا طَابَ لَكُمْ مِّنَ النِّسَآءِ
(If you fear that you shall not be able to deal justly with the orphan girls, then marry (other) women of your choice.)" `A'ishah said, "Allah's statement,
وَتَرْغَبُونَ أَن تَنكِحُوهُنَّ
(whom you desire to marry...) also refers to the desire of the guardian not to marry an orphan girl under his supervision when she lacks property or beauty. The guardians were forbidden to marry their orphan girls possessing property and beauty without being just to them, as they generally refrain from marrying them (when they are neither beautiful nor wealthy)." The basis of this is recorded in Two Sahihs. Consequently, when a man is the caretaker of a female orphan, he might like to marry her himself. In this case, Allah commands him to give her a suitable dowry that other women of her status get. If he does not want to do that, then let him marry other women, for Allah has made this matter easy for Muslims. Sometimes, the caretaker does not desire to marry the orphan under his care, because she is not attractive to his eye. In this case, Allah forbids the caretaker from preventing the female orphan from marrying another man for fear that her husband would share in the money that is mutually shared between the caretaker and the girl. `Ali bin Abi Talhah said that Ibn `Abbas said, "During the time of Jahiliyyah, the caretaker of a female orphan would cover her with his rope, and when he did that, no man would marry her. If she was beautiful and he desired to marry her, he married her and took control of her wealth. If she was not beautiful, he did not allow her to marry until she died, and when she died he inherited her money. Allah prohibited and outlawed this practice. " He also said about Allah's statement,
وَالْمُسْتَضْعَفِينَ مِنَ الْوِلْدَنِ
(and the children who are weak and oppressed,) that during the time of Jahiliyyah, they used to deny young children and females a share of inheritance. So Allah's statement,
لاَ تُؤْتُونَهُنَّ مَا كُتِبَ لَهُنَّ
(you give not what they deserve) thus prohibiting this practice and designating a fixed share for each,
لِلذَّكَرِ مِثْلُ حَظِّ الاٍّنْثَيَيْنِ
(To the male, a portion equal to that of two females..) whether they were young or old, as Sa`id bin Jubayr and others stated. Sa`id bin Jubayr said about Allah's statement,
وَأَن تَقُومُواْ لِلْيَتَـمَى بِالْقِسْطِ
(and that you stand firm for justice to orphans.) "Just as when she is beautiful and wealthy you would want to marry her and have her for yourself, so when she is not wealthy or beautiful, marry her and have her for yourself." Allah's statement,
وَمَا تَفْعَلُواْ مِنْ خَيْرٍ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ بِهِ عَلِيماً
r(And whatever good you do, Allah is Ever All-Aware of it.) encourages performing the good deeds and fulfilling the commandments, and states that Allah is knowledgeable of all of this and He will reward for it in the best and most perfect manner.
وَإِنِ امْرَأَةٌ خَـفَتْ مِن بَعْلِهَا نُشُوزاً أَوْ إِعْرَاضاً فَلاَ جُنَاْحَ عَلَيْهِمَآ أَن يُصْلِحَا بَيْنَهُمَا صُلْحاً وَالصُّلْحُ خَيْرٌ وَأُحْضِرَتِ الأنفُسُ الشُّحَّ وَإِن تُحْسِنُواْ وَتَتَّقُواْ فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ بِمَا تَعْمَلُونَ خَبِيراً
Hadits Terkait
Telah mengabarkan kepada kami [Ibrahim bin Ya'qub] dia berkata; telah menceritakan kepada kami [Abu An Nu'man] dia berkata; telah menceritakan kepada kami [Hammad bin Salamah] dari ['Ashim Al Ahwal] dari [Abu Mijlaz] bahwasanya [Abu Musa] pernah berada di antara Makkah dan Madinah, dia shalat Isya' dua rakaat, kemudian berdiri, lalu shalat satu rakaat sebagai witir dengan membaca seratus ayat dari surah An-Nisaa'. Kemudian dia berkata: "Aku tidak menyia-nyiakan untuk menapakkan telapak kakiku dimana Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam menapakkan telapak kakinya, dan aku membaca sebagaimana Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam membacanya
Telah menceritakan kepada saya [Ishaq] telah menceritakan kepada kami [Ibnu Numair] telah mengabarkan kepada kami [Hisyam] dan diriwayatkan pula telah menceritakan kepada saya [Muhammad bin Salam] berkata; Aku mendengar ['Utsman bin Farqad] berkata; Aku mendengar [Hisyam bin 'Urwah] menceritakan dari [Bapaknya] bahwa dia mendengar ['Aisyah radliallahu 'anha] berkata, (tentang ayat QS. An-Nisaa' ayat 6 yang artinya (barangsiapa diantara pemelihara itu yang mampu maka hendaknya ia menehan diri dari memakan harta anak yatim itu, dan barangsiapa yang miskin maka ia boleh makan harta itu menurut yang patut), ayat ini turun pada wali anak yatim yang memelihara dan menjaga hartanya, dan jika ia seorang miskin maka ia boleh memakannya dengan cara ma'ruf (yang patut)
Telah menceritakan kepada kami [Muhamamad] telah mengabarkan kepada kami ['Abdullah] telah mengabarkan kepada kami [Hisyam bin 'Urwah] dari [bapaknya] dari ['Aisyah radliallahu 'anha] tentang ayat ini QS An-Nisaa: 128): ("Apabila seorang isteri takut suaminya akan berbuat nusyuz (tidak mau menggaulinya) atau berlaku kasar terhadapnya"), dia ('Aisyah radliallahu 'anha) berkata: "Yaitu jika seorang suami yang memiliki isteri namun dia tidak lagi mencintai dan menggaulinya serta berkehendak untuk menceraikanya lalu isterinya berkata, "aku persilakan kamu meninggalkan aku namun jangan ceraikan aku", maka turunlah ayat ini
Telah bercerita kepada kami [Abu Al Yaman] telah mengabarkan kepada kami [Syu'aib] dari [Az Zuhriy] berkata telah bercerita kepadaku ['Urwah bin Az Zubair] bahwa [Az Zubair] pernah bercerita bahwa dia pernah bersengketa dengan seseorang dari kaum Anshor yang pernah ikut dalam perang Badar kepada Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam tentang masalah saluran air di Al Harrah dimana keduanya sama-sama saling menyiram (kebun mereka darinya) Maka Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam bersabda kepada Az Zubair: "Siramlah (kebunmu darinya) wahai Zubair lalu alirkanlah ke tetanggamu". Maka orang Anshor itu marah seraya berkata: "Wahai Rasulullah, Tuan bela dia karena dia anak dari bibi Tuan". Maka wajah Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam berubah kemudian Beliau berkata: "Siramlah (kebunmu) darinya kemudian tahanlah air itu hingga memenuhi kebun". Maka Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam saat itu memutuskan untuk mememnuhi hak Zubair padahal sebelumnya Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam memberi isyarat kepada Zubair agar memberi kelapangan bagi orang Anshor itu. Ketika orang Anshor itu tidak menerima maka Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam mengembalikan hak Zubair sepenuhnya sesuai hukum yang semestiya. 'Urwah berkata; Az Zubair berkata: "Demi Allah, tidaklah aku menduga ayat ini turun melainkan dalam perkara ini: ("Maka demi Tuhanmu, mereka (pada hakekatnya) tidak beriman hingga mereka menjadikan kamu hakim terhadap perkara yang mereka perselisihkan….) Ayat 65 dari surah an-Nisaa
Telah bercerita kepada kami ['Ubaidullah bin Isma'il] telah bercerita kepada kami [Abu Usamah] dari [Hisyam] dari [bapaknya] dari ['Aisyah radliallahu 'anha] tentang firman Allah Subhanahu wa Ta'ala dalam QS an-Nisaa' ayat; 6, yang artinya ("Dan barang siapa (di antara pemelihara itu) mampu, maka hendaklah ia menahan diri (dari memakan harta anak yatim itu) dan barang siapa yang miskin, maka bolehlah ia makan harta itu menurut yang patut"), dia berkata: "Ayat ini turun berkenaan dengan seorang yang memelihara anak yatim lalu ingin mengambil harta anak yatim tersebut apabila membutuhkannya sesuai dengan jumlah hartanya secara ma'ruf (yang patut)