حُرِّمَتْ عَلَيْكُمْ أُمَّهَٰتُكُمْ وَبَنَاتُكُمْ وَأَخَوَٰتُكُمْ وَعَمَّٰتُكُمْ وَخَٰلَٰتُكُمْ وَبَنَاتُ ٱلْأَخِ وَبَنَاتُ ٱلْأُخْتِ وَأُمَّهَٰتُكُمُ ٱلَّٰتِىٓ أَرْضَعْنَكُمْ وَأَخَوَٰتُكُم مِّنَ ٱلرَّضَٰعَةِ وَأُمَّهَٰتُ نِسَآئِكُمْ وَرَبَٰٓئِبُكُمُ ٱلَّٰتِى فِى حُجُورِكُم مِّن نِّسَآئِكُمُ ٱلَّٰتِى دَخَلْتُم بِهِنَّ فَإِن لَّمْ تَكُونُوا۟ دَخَلْتُم بِهِنَّ فَلَا جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ وَحَلَٰٓئِلُ أَبْنَآئِكُمُ ٱلَّذِينَ مِنْ أَصْلَٰبِكُمْ وَأَن تَجْمَعُوا۟ بَيْنَ ٱلْأُخْتَيْنِ إِلَّا مَا قَدْ سَلَفَ ۗ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ كَانَ غَفُورًۭا رَّحِيمًۭا
Diharamkan atas kamu (mengawini) ibu-ibumu; anak-anakmu yang perempuan; saudara-saudaramu yang perempuan, saudara-saudara bapakmu yang perempuan; saudara-saudara ibumu yang perempuan; anak-anak perempuan dari saudara-saudaramu yang laki-laki; anak-anak perempuan dari saudara-saudaramu yang perempuan; ibu-ibumu yang menyusui kamu; saudara perempuan sepersusuan; ibu-ibu isterimu (mertua); anak-anak isterimu yang dalam pemeliharaanmu dari isteri yang telah kamu campuri, tetapi jika kamu belum campur dengan isterimu itu (dan sudah kamu ceraikan), maka tidak berdosa kamu mengawininya; (dan diharamkan bagimu) isteri-isteri anak kandungmu (menantu); dan menghimpunkan (dalam perkawinan) dua perempuan yang bersaudara, kecuali yang telah terjadi pada masa lampau; sesungguhnya Allah Maha Pengampun lagi Maha Penyayang.
Tafsir Ibn Kathir
Degrees of Women Never Eligible for One to Marry
This honorable Ayah is the Ayah that establishes the degrees of women relatives who are never eligible for one to marry, because of blood relations, relations established by suckling or marriage. Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Ibn `Abbas said, "(Allah said) I have prohibited for you seven types of relatives by blood and seven by marriage." Ibn `Abbas then recited the Ayah,
حُرِّمَتْ عَلَيْكُمْ أُمَّهَـتُكُمْ وَبَنَـتُكُمْ وَأَخَوَتُكُمْ
(Forbidden to you (for marriage) are: your mothers, your daughters, your sisters...) At-Tabari recorded that Ibn `Abbas said, "Seven degrees of blood relation and seven degrees of marriage relation are prohibited (for marriage)." He then recited the Ayah,
حُرِّمَتْ عَلَيْكُمْ أُمَّهَـتُكُمْ وَبَنَـتُكُمْ وَأَخَوَتُكُمْ وَعَمَّـتُكُمْ وَخَـلَـتُكُمْ وَبَنَاتُ الاٌّخِ وَبَنَاتُ الاٍّخْتِ
(Forbidden to you (for marriage) are: your mothers, your daughters, your sisters, your father's sisters, your mother's sisters, your brother's daughters, your sister's daughters) and these are the types prohibited by blood relation." Allah's statement,
وَأُمَّهَـتُكُمُ الْلاَّتِى أَرْضَعْنَكُمْ وَأَخَوَتُكُم مِّنَ الرَّضَاعَةِ
(Your foster mothers who suckled you, your foster milk suckling sisters) means, just as your mother who bore you is prohibited for you in marriage, so is your mother from suckling prohibited for you. Al-Bukhari and Muslim recorded that `A'ishah, the Mother of the Faithful, said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«إِنَّ الرَّضَاعَةَ تُحَرِّمُ مَا تُحَرِّمُ الْوِلَادَة»
(Suckling prohibits what birth prohibits.) In another narration reported by Muslim,
«يَحْرُمُ مِنَ الرَّضَاعَةِ مَا يَحْرُمُ مِنَ النَّسَب»
(Suckling establishes prohibited degrees just as blood does.)
`Suckling' that Establishes Prohibition for Marriage
Less than five incidents of suckling will not establish prohibition for marriage. In his Sahih, Muslim recorded that `A'ishah said, "Among the parts of the Qur'an that were revealed, is the statement, `Ten incidents of suckling establishes the prohibition (concerning marriage).' It was later abrogated with five, and the Messenger of Allah ﷺ died while this statement was still recited as part of the Qur'an."' A Hadith that Sahlah bint Suhayl narrated states that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ ordered her to suckle Salim the freed slave of Abu Hudhayfah with five." We should assert that the suckling mentioned here must occur before the age of two, as we stated when we explained the Ayah in Surat Al-Baqarah,
يُرْضِعْنَ أَوْلَـدَهُنَّ حَوْلَيْنِ كَامِلَيْنِ لِمَنْ أَرَادَ أَن يُتِمَّ الرَّضَاعَةَ
((The mothers) should suckle their children for two whole years, (that is) for those (parents) who desire to complete the term of suckling) 2:233. The Mother-in-Law and Stepdaughter are Prohibited in Marriage Allah said next,
وَأُمَّهَـتُ نِسَآئِكُمْ وَرَبَائِبُكُمُ اللَّـتِى فِى حُجُورِكُمْ مِّن نِّسَآئِكُمُ اللَّـتِى دَخَلْتُمْ بِهِنَّ فَإِن لَّمْ تَكُونُواْ دَخَلْتُمْ بِهِنَّ فَلاَ جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ
(Your wives' mothers, your stepdaughters under your guardianship, born of your wives unto whom you have gone in - but there is no sin on you if you have not gone in unto them,) As for the mother of the wife, she becomes prohibited for marriage for her son-in-law when the marriage is conducted, whether the son-in-law has sexual relations with her daughter or not. As for the wife's daughter, she becomes prohibited for her stepfather when he has sexual relations with her mother, after the marriage contract is ratified. If the man divorces the mother before having sexual relations with her, he is allowed to marry her daughter. So Allah said;
وَرَبَائِبُكُمُ اللَّـتِى فِى حُجُورِكُمْ مِّن نِّسَآئِكُمُ اللَّـتِى دَخَلْتُمْ بِهِنَّ فَإِن لَّمْ تَكُونُواْ دَخَلْتُمْ بِهِنَّ فَلاَ جُنَاحَ عَلَيْكُمْ
(Your stepdaughters under your guardianship, born of your wives unto whom you have gone in -- but there is no sin on you if you have not gone in unto them,) to marry the stepdaughter.
The Stepdaughter is Prohibited in Marriage Even if She Was NotUnder the Guardianship of Her Stepfather
Allah said,
وَرَبَائِبُكُمُ اللَّـتِى فِى حُجُورِكُمْ
(...your stepdaughters under your guardianship,) The majority of scholars state that the stepdaughter is prohibited in marriage for her stepfather who consummated his marriage to her mother whether she was under his guardianship or not. The Two Sahih recorded that Umm Habibah said, "O Messenger of Allah! Marry my sister, the daughter of Abu Sufyan (and in one narration `Azzah bint Abu Sufyan).
"
He said,
«أَوَ تُحِبِّينَ ذلِك»
؟ قالت: نعم. لست لك بمخلية، وأحب من شاركني في خيرٍ أختي، قال:
«فَإِنَّ ذلِكِ لَا يَحِلُّ لِي»
قالت: فإنا نتحدث أنك تريد أن تنكح بنت أبي سلمة، قال:
«بِنْتَ أُمِّ سَلَمَة»
؟ قالت: نعم. قال:
«إِنَّهَا لَوْ لَمْ تَكُنْ رَبِيبَتِي فِي حِجْرِي مَا حَلَّتْ لِي، إِنَّهَا لَبِنْتُ أَخِي مِنَ الرَّضَاعَةِ، أَرْضَعَتْنِي وَأَبَا سَلَمَةَ ثُوَيْبَةُ، فَلَا تَعْرِضْنَ عَلَيَّ بَنَاتِكُنَّ وَلَا أَخَوَاتِكُن»
("Do you like that I do that" She said, "I would not give you up for anything, but the best of whom I like to share with me in that which is righteously good, is my sister." He said, "That is not allowed for me." She said, "We were told that you want to marry the daughter of Abu Salamah." He asked, "The daughter of Umm Salamah" She said, "Yes." He said, "Even if she was not my stepdaughter and under my guardianship, she is still not allowed for me because she is my niece from suckling, for Thuwaybah suckled me and Abu Salamah. Therefore, do not offer me to marry your daughters or sisters. ") In another narration from Al-Bukhari,
«إِنِّي لَوْ لَمْ أَتَزَوَّجْ أُمَّ سَلَمَةَ مَا حَلَّتْ لِي»
(Had I not married Umm Salamah, her daughter would not have been allowed for me anyway.) Consequently, the Messenger stated that his marriage to Umm Salamah was the real reason behind that prohibition.
Meaning of `gone in unto them
The Ayah continues,
اللَّـتِى دَخَلْتُمْ بِهِنَّ
(Your wives unto whom you have gone in), meaning, had sexual relations with them, according to Ibn `Abbas and several others.
Prohibiting the Daughter-in-Law for Marriage
Allah said,
وَحَلَـئِلُ أَبْنَآئِكُمُ الَّذِينَ مِنْ أَصْلَـبِكُمْ
(The wives of your sons who (spring) from your own loins,) Therefore, you are prohibited to marry the wives of your own sons, but not the wives of your adopted sons, as adoption was common practice in Jahiliyyah. Allah said,
فَلَمَّا قَضَى زَيْدٌ مِّنْهَا وَطَراً زَوَّجْنَـكَهَا لِكَىْ لاَ يَكُونَ عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ حَرَجٌ فِى أَزْوَاجِ أَدْعِيَآئِهِمْ
(So when Zayd had accomplished his desire from her (i.e. divorced her), We gave her to you in marriage, so that (in future) there may be no difficulty to the believers in respect of (the marriage of) the wives of their adopted sons when the latter have no desire to keep them (i.e. they had divorced them).) 33:37 Ibn Jurayj said, "I asked `Ata' about Allah's statement,
وَحَلَـئِلُ أَبْنَآئِكُمُ الَّذِينَ مِنْ أَصْلَـبِكُمْ
(The wives of your sons who (spring) from your own loins,) He said, `We were told that when the Prophet married the ex-wife of Zayd (who was the Prophet's adopted son before Islam prohibited this practice), the idolators in Makkah criticized him. Allah sent down the Ayat:
وَحَلَـئِلُ أَبْنَآئِكُمُ الَّذِينَ مِنْ أَصْلَـبِكُمْ
(The wives of your sons who (spring) from your own loins),
وَمَا جَعَلَ أَدْعِيَآءَكُمْ أَبْنَآءَكُمْ
(nor has He made your adopted sons your real sons.) 33:4, and,
مَّا كَانَ مُحَمَّدٌ أَبَآ أَحَدٍ مّن رِّجَالِكُمْ
(Muhammad is not the father of any of your men) 33:40."' Ibn Abi Hatim recorded that Al-Hasan bin Muhammad said, "These Ayat are encompassing,
وَحَلَـئِلُ أَبْنَآئِكُمُ
(the wives of your sons), and,
وَأُمَّهَـتُ نِسَآئِكُمْ
(your wives' mothers). This is also the explanation of Tawus, Ibrahim, Az-Zuhri and Makhul. It means that these two Ayat encompass these types of women, whether the marriage was consummated or not, and there is a consensus on this ruling.
A Doubt and Rebuttal
Why is the wife of one's son from suckling prohibited for him for marriage - that is, if she is no longer married to his son from suckling - as the majority of scholars state, although they are not related by blood The answer is the Prophet's statement,
«يَحْرُمُ مِنَ الرَّضَاعِ مَا يَحْرُمُ مِنَ النَّسَب»
(Suckling prohibits what blood relations prohibit.)
The Prohibition of Taking Two Sisters as Rival Wives
Allah said,
وَأَن تَجْمَعُواْ بَيْنَ الاٍّخْتَيْنِ إَلاَّ مَا قَدْ سَلَفَ
(...and two sisters in wedlock at the same time, except for what has already passed;) The Ayah commands: you are prohibited to take two sisters as rival wives, or rival female-servants, except for what had happened to you during the time of Jahiliyyah, which We have forgiven and erased. Therefore, no one is allowed to take or keep two sisters as rival wives, according to the consensus of the scholars of the Companions, their followers, and the Imams of old and present. They all stated that taking two sisters as rival wives is prohibited, and that whoever embraces Islam while married to two sisters at the same time is given the choice to keep one of them and divorce the other. Imam Ahmad recorded that Ad-Dahhak bin Fayruz said that his father said, "I embraced Islam while married to two sisters at the same time and the Prophet commanded me to divorce one of them."
Hadits Terkait
Telah menceritakan kepada kami [Qutaibah bin Sa'ad] telah menceritakan kepada kami [Sufyan] dari [Hisyam bin 'Urwah] dari [bapaknya] dari ['Aisyah radliallahu 'anha] bahwa ayat yang berbunyi: QS An-Nisaa: 128): ("Apabila seorang isteri takut suaminya akan berbuat nusyuz (tidak mau menggaulinya) atau berlaku kasar terhadapnya"), dia ('Aisyah radliallahu 'anha) berkata: "Itu adalah seorang suami yang melihat pada isterinya apa-apa yang tidak menyenangkannya berupa pelanggaran dosa besar atau lainnya lalu dia berniat menceraikan isterinya lalu isterinya itu berkata: "Pertahankanlah aku dan bersumpahlah kepadaku terserah apa saja yang kamu kehendaki". 'Aisyah radliallahu 'anha berkata: "Maka tidak berdosa bila keduanya saling ridho
Telah menceritakan kepada kami ['Abdul 'Aziz bin 'Abdullah Al 'Amiriy Al Uwaisiy] telah menceritakan kepada kami [Ibrahim bin Sa'ad] dari [Shalih] dari [Ibnu Syihab] telah menceritakan kepadaku ['Urwah] bahwa dia bertanya kepada ['Aisyah radliallahu 'anha]. Dan [Al Laits] berkata, telah menceritakan kepadaku [Yunus] dari [Ibnu Syihab] be telah menceritakan kapadaku ['Urwah bin Az Zubair] bahwa dia bertanya kepada ['Aisyah radliallahu 'anha] tentang firman Allah yang artinya: ("Jika kamu khawatir tidak dapat berlaku adil …. seterusnya hingga …empat-empat". (QS. An-Nisaa ayat 3), maka ia menjawab: "Wahai anak saudariku, yang dimaksud ayat itu adalah seorang anak perempuan yatim yang berada pada asuhan walinya, hartanya ada pada walinya, dan walinya ingin memiliki harta itu dan menikahinya namun ia tidak bisa berbuat adil dalam memberikan maharnya, yaitu memberi seperti ia memberikan untuk yang lainnya, maka mereka dilarang untuk menikahinya kecuali jika mereka bisa berbuat adil pada mereka, dan mereka memberikan mahar terbaik kepadanya, mereka diperintahkan untuk menikahi wanita-wanita yang baik untuk mereka selain anak-anak yatim itu". 'Urwah berkata, lalu 'Aisyah berkata, kemudian orang-orang meminta fatwa kepada Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam setelah turunnya ayat ini; wayastaftuunaka finnisaa' (dan mereka meminta fatwa kepadamu tentang para wanita) hingga firmanNya; watarghobuuna antankihuuhunna (dan kalian ingin menikahi mereka) dan yang disebutkan Allah pada firmanNya bahwa; yutla 'alaikum fil kitab (telah disebutkan untuk kalian di dalam Al Quran) ayat pertama yang Allah berfirman didalamnya ada kalimat; wa in khiftum allaa tuqsituu fil yataamaa fankihuu maa thaoba lakum minan nisaa' (jika kalian tidak bisa berbuat adil kepada anak-anak yatim, maka nikahilah wanita-wanita yang baik untuk kalian), 'Aisyah berkata, dan firman Allah pada ayat yang lain; watarghobuuna an tankihuuhunna (dan kalian ingin untuk menikahi mereka) yaitu keinginan kalian untuk menikahi anak perempuan yatim yang kalian asuh ketika ia sedikit hartanya dan kurang menarik wajahya, maka mereka dilarang untuk menikahi mereka karena semata hartanya dan kecantikannya dari anak-anak perempuan yatim kecuali dengan adil disebabkan ketidak tertarikan mereka kepada perempuan yatim itu
Telah menceritakan kepada kami [Qutaibah bin Sa'id] telah menceritakan kepada kami [Laits]. (dalam jalur lain disebutkan) Dan telah menceritakan kepada kami [Muhammad bin Rumh] telah mengabarkan kepada kami [al-Laits] dari [Ibnu Syihab] dari [Ibnu al-Musayyab] bahwa dia mendengar [Abu Hurairah] mengatakan, "Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam bersabda: "Demi Dzat yang jiwaku berada di tangan-Nya! Sungguh, kedatangan Isa bin Mariam kepada kalian untuk menjadi hakim secara adil akan segera tiba. Dia akan mematahkan salib, membunuh babi serta menghapuskan jizyah (dari orang kafir). Harta akan melimpah ruah, sehingga tidak ada seorang pun yang ingin menerimanya." Dan telah menceritakannya kepada kami [Abdul A'la bin Hammad] dan [Abu Bakar bin Abu Syaibah] dan [Zuhair bin Harb] mereka berkata; telah menceritakan kepada kami [Sufyan bin Uyainah]. (dalam riwayat lain disebutkan) Dan telah menceritakannya kepadaku tentangnya [Harmalah bin Yahya] telah mengabarkan kepada kami [Ibnu Wahab] dia berkata, telah menceritakan kepadaku [Yunus]. (dalam riwayat lain disebutkan) Dan telah menceritakan kepada kami [Hasan al-Hulwani] dan ['Abd bin Humaid] dari [Ya'qub bin Ibrahim bin Sa'id] telah menceritakan kepada kami [ayahku] dari [Shalih] seluruhnya dari [Az-Zuhri] dengan isnad ini. Dan dalam riwayat Ibnu Uyainah disebutkan, "Sebagai imam yang adil dan hakim yang adil." Sedangkan dalam riwayat Yunus, "Sebagai hakim yang adil, " dan tidak menyebutkan, "imam yang adil." Sedangkan dalam riwayat Shalih, "Hakim yang adil." Sebagaimana dikatakan al-Laits, dan dalam haditsnya terdapat tambahan, "hingga satu sujud lebih baik daripada dunia dan seisinya." Kemudian Abu Hurairah berkata, "Bacalah jika kalian berkehendak: '(Tidak ada seorang pun dari Ahli Kitab, kecuali akan beriman kepadanya (Isa) sebelum kematiannya) ' (Qs. an-Nisaa':)
Telah mengabarkan kepada kami [Muhammad bin Adam] dari [Hafsh bin ghiyats] dari [Al A'la bin Al Musayyab] dari [Amr bin Murrah] dari [Thalhah bin Yazid] dari [Hudzaifah] dan [Al A'masy] dari [Sa'd bin Ubaidah] dari [Al Mustawrid Al Ahnaf] dari [Shilah bin Zufar] dari [Hudzaifah] bahwa Nabi Shallallallahu'alaihi wasallam pernah membaca surat Al Baqarah, Ali 'Imraan, dan An-Nisaa' dalam satu rakaat. Beliau Shallallallahu'alaihi wasallam tidak melewati (membaca) ayat yang berkenaan dengan rahmat kecuali beliau berdoa, dan tidak melewati (membaca) ayat yang berkenaan dengan adzab kecuali beliau memohon perlindungan kepada-Nya
Telah mengabarkan kepada kami [Ishaq bin Ibrahim] dia berkata; telah memberitakan kepada kami [Jarir] dari [Al A'masy] dari [Sa'ad bin 'Ubaidah] dari [Al Mustaurid bin Al Ahnaf] dari [Shilah bin Zufar] dari [Hudzaifah] dia berkata; "Pada suatu malam aku mengerjakan shalat bersama Rasulullah Shallallahu'alaihiwasallam, beliau mulai dengan membaca surat Al Baqarah. Beliau telah membaca seratus ayat dan belum ruku lalu tetap membacanya." Hudzaifah berkata; "Beliau menyelesaikannya pada dua rakaat, lantas berlalu." Hudzaifah berkata lagi; "Beliau menyelesaikannya kemudian ruku' dan terus berlalu hinggga beliau membaca surat An-Nisaa', kemudian membaca surat Ali 'Imraan, lalu ruku' yang lamanya seperti berdiri. Saat ruku' beliau mengucapkan, 'Subhana rabbiyal 'adzimi, subhana rabbiyal 'adzimi, subhana rabbiyal 'adzimi (Maha suci Tuhan-ku yang Maha Agung) '. Lalu beliau mengangkat kepala sambil mengucapkan, 'Sami'allahu liman hamidah rabbana lakal hamdu (Allah Maha mendengar orang yang memuji-Nya, segala puji untuk-Mu) '. Beliau memperpanjang berdirinya kemudian sujud, dan beliau memperlama sujudnya sambil mengucapkan, 'Subhana rabbiyal a'laa, subhana rabbiyal a'laa, subhana rabbiyal a'laa (Maha Suci Tuhanku yang Maha Tinggi) '. Beliau Shallallahu'alaihiwasallam tidak melalui ayat ancaman atau pengagungan Allah Azza wa Jalla kecuali beliau Shallallahu'alaihiwasallam berdzikir kepada-Nya