يَٰٓأَيُّهَا ٱلَّذِينَ ءَامَنُوا۟ لَا تَأْكُلُوٓا۟ أَمْوَٰلَكُم بَيْنَكُم بِٱلْبَٰطِلِ إِلَّآ أَن تَكُونَ تِجَٰرَةً عَن تَرَاضٍۢ مِّنكُمْ ۚ وَلَا تَقْتُلُوٓا۟ أَنفُسَكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ ٱللَّهَ كَانَ بِكُمْ رَحِيمًۭا
Hai orang-orang yang beriman, janganlah kamu saling memakan harta sesamamu dengan jalan yang batil, kecuali dengan jalan perniagaan yang berlaku dengan suka sama-suka di antara kamu. Dan janganlah kamu membunuh dirimu; sesungguhnya Allah adalah Maha Penyayang kepadamu.
Tafsir Ibn Kathir
Prohibiting Unlawfully Earned Money
Allah, the Exalted and Most Honored, prohibits His believing servants from illegally acquiring each other's property using various dishonest methods such as Riba, gambling and other wicked methods that appear to be legal, but Allah knows that, in reality, those involved seek to deal in interest. Ibn Jarir recorded that Ibn `Abbas commented on a man who buys a garment, saying that if he likes it he will keep it, or he will return it along with an extra Dirham, "This is what Allah meant, when He said, o
وَلاَ تَأْكُلُواْ أَمْوَلَكُمْ بَيْنَكُم بِالْبَاطِلِ
(Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly.") `Ali bin Abi Talhah reported that Ibn `Abbas said, "When Allah sent down,
يَـأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ ءَامَنُواْ لاَ تَأْكُلُواْ أَمْوَلَكُمْ بَيْنَكُمْ بِالْبَـطِلِ
(O you who believe! Eat not up your property among yourselves unjustly) some Muslims said, `Allah has forbidden us from eating up each other's property unjustly, and food is our best property. Therefore, none among us is allowed to eat from anyone else's food.' After that Allah sent down,
لَّيْسَ عَلَى الاٌّعْمَى حَرَجٌ
(There is no restriction on the blind) (until the end of the Ayah). 24:61."' Qatadah said similarly. Allah's statement,
إِلاَّ أَن تَكُونَ تِجَـرَةً عَن تَرَاضٍ مِّنْكُمْ
(except it be a trade amongst you, by mutual consent.) means, do not revert to illegal ways and means to acquire money. However, there is no harm in commercial transactions that transpire between the buyer and the seller with mutual consent, so that money is legally earned from these transactions. Mujahid said that,
إِلاَّ أَن تَكُونَ تِجَـرَةً عَن تَرَاضٍ مِّنْكُمْ
(except it be a trade amongst you, by mutual consent.) means, "By selling and buying, or giving someone a gift." Ibn Jarir recorded this statement.
The Option to Buy or Sell Before Parting, is Part of `Mutual Consent' in Trading
Mutual agreement in various transactions is attained when both parties have the right to uphold or dissolve the agreement before they part. In the Two Sahihs, it is recorded that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«الْبَيِّعَانِ بِالْخِيَارِ مَالَمْ يَتَفَرَّقَا»
(The seller and the buyer retain the (right to change their mind) as long as they have not parted.) Al-Bukhari's wording for this Hadith reads,
«إِذَا تَبَايَعَ الرَّجُلانِ فَكُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا بِالْخِيَارِ، مَالَمْ يَتَفَرَّقَا»
(When two men conduct a transaction, they retain their (right to change their mind) as long as they have not parted.)
Forbidding Murder and Suicide
Allah said,
وَلاَ تَقْتُلُواْ أَنفُسَكُمْ
(And do not kill yourselves.) by committing Allah's prohibitions, falling into sin and eating up each other's property unjustly,
إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ بِكُمْ رَحِيماً
(Surely, Allah is Most Merciful to you.) in what He commanded you and prohibited you from. Imam Ahmad recorded that `Amr bin Al-`As said that when the Prophet sent him for the battle of Dhat As-Salasil, "I had a wet dream during a very cold night and feared that if I bathed, I would die. So I performed Tayammum (with pure earth) and led my company in the Dawn prayer. When I went back to the Messenger of Allah ﷺ, I mentioned what had happened to me and he said,
«يَا عَمْرُو صَلَّيْتَ بِأَصْحَابِكَ وَأَنْتَ جُنُب»
(O `Amr! Have you led your people in prayer while you were in a state of sexual impurity) I said, 'O Messenger of Allah! I had a wet dream on a very cold night and feared that if I bathed I would perish, and I remembered Allah's statement,
وَلاَ تَقْتُلُواْ أَنفُسَكُمْ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ بِكُمْ رَحِيماً
(And do not kill yourselves. Surely, Allah is Most Merciful to you). So I performed Tayammum and prayed.' The Messenger of Allah ﷺ smiled and did not say anything." This is the narration reported by Abu Dawud. Ibn Marduwyah mentioned this honorable Ayah and then reported that Abu Hurayrah said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«مَنْ قَتَلَ نَفْسَهُ بَحَدِيدَةٍ، فَحَدِيدَتُهُ فِي يَدِهِ، يَجَأُ بِهَا بطْنَهُ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ فِي نَارِ جَهَنَّمَ، خَالِدًا مُخَلَّدًا فِيهَا أَبَدًا، ومَنْ قَتَلَ نَفْسَهُ بِسُمَ فَسُمُّهُ فِي يَدِهِ، يَتَحَسَّاهُ فِي نَارِ جَهَنَّمَ، خَالِدًا مُخَلَّدًا فِيهَا أَبَدًا، وَمَنْ تَرَدَّى مِنْ جَبَلٍ فَقَتلَ نَفْسَهُ، فَهُوَ مُتَرَدَ فِي نَارِ جَهَنَّمَ، خَالِدًا مُخَلَّدًا فِيهَا أَبَدًا»
(Whoever kills himself with an iron tool, then his tool will be in his hand and he will keep stabbing himself with it in the Fire of Jahannam, forever and ever. Whoever kills himself with poison, then his poison will be in his hand and he will keep taking it in the Fire of Jahannam forever and ever. Whoever kills himself by throwing himself from a mountain, will keep falling in the Fire of Jahannam forever and ever.) This Hadith was also collected in the Two Sahihs. Abu Qilabah said that Thabit bin Ad-Dahhak said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«مَنْ قَتَلَ نَفْسَهُ بِشَيْءٍ، عُذِّبَ بِهِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَة»
(Whoever kills himself with an instrument, will be punished with it on the Day of Resurrection.) This Hadith was collected by the Group. This is why Allah said,
وَمَن يَفْعَلْ ذلِكَ عُدْوَناً وَظُلْماً
(And whoever commits that through aggression and injustice, ) meaning, whoever commits what Allah has forbidden for him transgression and injustice - while knowing that it is forbidden for him, yet he still dares to commit it,
فَسَوْفَ نُصْلِيهِ نَاراً
(We shall cast him into the Fire,). This Ayah carries a stern warning and a truthful promise. Therefore, every sane person should beware of it, those who hear the speech with full comprehension.
Minor Sins Will be Pardoned if One Refrains from Major Sins
Allah said,
إِن تَجْتَنِبُواْ كَبَآئِرَ مَا تُنهَوْنَ عَنْهُ نُكَفِّرْ عَنْكُمْ سَيِّئَـتِكُمْ
(If you avoid the great sins which you are forbidden to do, We shall remit from you your (small) sins,) meaning, if you avoid the major evil deeds that you were prohibited We will forgive you the minor evil deeds and will admit you into Paradise. This is why Allah said,
وَنُدْخِلْكُمْ مُّدْخَلاً كَرِيماً
(and admit you to a Noble Entrance (i.e. Paradise).) There are several Hadiths on the subject of this honorable Ayah. Imam Ahmad recorded that Salman Al-Farisi said, "The Prophet said to me, `Do you know what the day of Al-Jumu`ah is' I said, `It is the day during which Allah brought together the creation of your father (Adam).' He said,
«لكِنْ أَدْرِي مَا يَوْمُ الْجُمُعَةِ، لَا يَتَطَهَّرُ الرَّجُلُ فَيُحْسِنُ طُهُورَهُ، ثُمَّ يَأْتِي الْجُمُعَةَ فَيُنْصِتُ حَتَّى يَقْضِيَ الْإمَامُ صَلَاتَهُ، إِلَّا كَانَ كَفَّارَةً لَهُ مَا بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ الْجُمُعَةِ الْمُقْبِلَةِ، مَا اجْتُنِبَتِ الْمَقْتَلَة»
(I know what the day of Jumu`ah is. Anyone who takes a bath and cleans himself as much as he can and then proceeds for the Friday prayer and remains quiet until the Imam finishes the prayer, all his sins in between the present and the next Friday will be forgiven, as long as major sins were avoided.)" Al-Bukhari recorded similar wording from Salman Al-Farisi.
The Seven Destructive Sins
What are the Seven Destructive Sins In the Two Sahihs, it is recorded that Abu Hurayrah said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«اجْتَنِبُوا السَّبْعَ الْمُوبِقَات»
(Avoid the seven great destructive sins.) The people inquired, 'O Allah's Messenger! What are they' He said,
«الشِّرْكُ بِاللهِ، وَقَتْلُ النَّفْسِ الَّتِي حَرَّمَ اللهُ إِلَّا بِالْحَقِّ، وَالسِّحْرُ، وَأَكْلُ الرِّبَا، وَأَكْلُ مَالِ الْيَتِيمِ، وَالتَّوَلِّي يَوْمَ الزَّحْفِ، وَقَذْفُ الْمُحْصَنَاتِ الْمُؤْمِنَاتِ الْغَافِلَات»
(To join others in worship along with Allah, to kill the life which Allah has forbidden except for a just cause, magic, to consume Riba, to consume an orphan's wealth, to turn away from the enemy and flee from the battlefield when the battle begins, and to accuse chaste women, who never even think of anything that would tarnish their chastity and are good believers.) Another Hadith that mentions False Witness Imam Ahmad recorded that Anas bin Malik said, "The Messenger of Allah ﷺ mentioned the major sins, or was asked about the major sins. He said,
«الشِّرْكُ بِاللهِ، وَقَتْلُ النَّفْسِ، وَعُقُوقُ الْوَالِدَيْن»
(Associating others with Allah in worship, killing the life, and being undutiful to the parents.) He then said,
«أَلَا أُنَبِّئُكُمْ بِأَكْبَرِ الْكَبَائِرِ؟»
قال:
«قَوْلُ الزُّورِ أَوْ شَهَادَةُ الزُّورِ »
(Should I tell you about the biggest of the major sins The false statement - or the false testimony.)" Shu`bah - one of the narrators of the Hadith - said, "Most likely, in my opinion, he said, `False testimony."' The Two Sahihs recorded this Hadith from Shu`bah from Anas. Another Hadith In the Two Sahihs, it is recorded that `Abdur-Rahman bin Abi Bakrah said that his father said, "The Prophet said,
«أَلَا أُنَبِّئُكُمْ بِأَكْبَرِ الْكَبَائِرِ؟»
(Should I inform you about the greatest of the great sins) We said, `Yes, O Allah's Messenger !' He said,
«الِإشْرَاكُ بِاللهِ، وَعُقُوقُ الْوَالِدَيْن»
(To join others in worship with Allah and to be undutiful to one's parents.) He was reclining, then he sat up and said;
«أَلَا وَشَهَادَةُ الزُّورِ، أَلَا وَقَوْلُ الزُّور»
(And I warn you against false testimony and false speech.) and he continued repeating it until we wished that he would stop." Another Hadith that mentions killing the Offspring In the Two Sahihs, it is recorded that `Abdullah bin Mas`ud said, "I asked, `O Allah's Messenger! What is the greatest sin' (in one narration) the biggest sin' He said,
«أَنْ تَجْعَلَ للهِ نِدًّا وَهُوَ خَلَقَك»
(To make a rival for Allah while He Alone created you.) I said, `Then' He said,
«أَنْ تَقْتُلَ وَلَدَكَ خَشْيَةَ أَنْ يَطْعَمَ مَعَك»
(To kill your offspring for fear that he might share your food with you. ) I said, `Then' He said,
«أَنْ تُزَانِيَ حَلِيلَةَ جَارِك»
(To commit adultery with your neighbor's wife.) He then recited,
وَالَّذِينَ لاَ يَدْعُونَ مَعَ اللَّهِ إِلَـهَا ءَاخَرَ
(And those who invoke not any other god along with Allah), until,
إِلاَّ مَن تَابَ
(Except those who repent)." Another Hadith from `Abdullah bin `Amr Imam Ahmad recorded that `Abdullah bin `Amr said that the Prophet said,
«أَكْبَرُ الْكَبَائِرِ: الِإشْرَاكُ بِاللهِ، وَعُقُوقُ الْوَالِدَيْنِ أَوْ قَتْلُ النَّفْسِ شعبة الشاك وَالْيَمِينُ الْغَمُوس»
(The greatest sins are: To join others in worship with Allah, to be undutiful to one's parents - or to take a life) Shu`bah was uncertain of which one - (and the false oath). Recorded by Al-Bukhari, At-Tirmidhi, and An-Nasai. Another Hadith by `Abdullah bin `Amr about Causing one's Parents to be Cursed `Abdullah bin `Amr said that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«إِنَّ مِنْ أَكْبَرِ الْكَبَائِرِ أَنْ يَلْعَنَ الرَّجُلُ وَالِدَيْه»
(Among the worst of the major sins is for a man to curse his own parents.) They said, "How can one curse his own parents" He said,
«يَسُبُّ الرَّجُلُ أَبَا الرَّجُلِ، فَيَسُبُّ أَبَاهُ، وَيَسُبُّ أُمَّهُ فَيَسُبُّ أُمَّه»
(One curses another man's father, and that man curses his father in retaliation, or he curses someone's mother and that man curses his mother.) This is the wording of Muslim. At-Tirmidhi said, "Sahih." It is recorded in the Sahih that the Messenger of Allah ﷺ said,
«سِبَابُ الْمُسْلِمِ فُسُوقٌ، وَقِتَالُهُ كُفْر»
(Cursing a Muslim is a sin and fighting him is Kufr.)
Hadits Terkait
Bab. Telah menceritakan kepadaku [Ibrahim bin Musa] telah mengabarkan kepada kami [Hisyam] bahwa [Ibnu Juraij] telah mengabarkan kepada mereka, katanya telah mengabarkan kepadaku ['Abdul Karim] bahwa dia mendengar [Miqsam, maula 'Abdullah bin Al Harits] menceritakan dari [Ibnu 'Abbas] bahwanya dia mendengarnya menjelaskan firman Allah dalam QS an-Nisaa' ayat 97 yang artinya ("Tidak sama orang-orang yang duduk dari orang beriman....".) maksudnya adalah tentang perang Badar dan orang-orang yang keluar ikut perang Badar
Telah menceritakan kepada kami [Qutaibah bin Sa'id] dan [Abu Bakr bin Abu Syaibah] keduanya dari [Ibnu 'Uyainah] dan lafazh ini milik Qutaibah; Telah menceritakan kepada kami [Sufyan] dari [Ibnu Muhaishin] seorang syaikh dari bangsa Quraisy, dia mendengar [Muhammad bin Qais bin Makhramah] bercerita dari [Abu Hurairah] dia berkata; "Tatkala telah turun ayat yang mengatakan: "Ketika turun ayat Al Qur'an yang berbunyi Barang siapa berbuat kejelekan, niscaya ia akan dibalas dengan kejelekan (siksa) (Qs. An-Nisaa'(4): 123), maka kaum muslimin pun merasa prihatin. Kemudian Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam bersabda: 'Janganlah kalian berlebihan, tempuhlah kejujuran dan perbaikilah dirimu. Sesungguhnya setiap musibah yang menimpa seorang muslim itu adalah sebagai penghapus dosa, termasuk pula jika ia terantuk batu ataupun tertusuk duri.' Muslim berkata; 'Dia adalah Umar bin Abdurrahman bin Muhshin dari penduduk Makkah
Telah bercerita kepada kami [Abu Al Yaman] telah mengabarkan kepada kami [Syu'aib] dari [Az Zuhriy] berkata ['Urwah bin Az Zubair] bercerita bahwa dia pernah bertanya kepada ['Aisyah radliallahu 'anha] tentaang firman Allah QS an-Nisaa' ayat 3 yang artinya: (Dan jika kamu takut tidak akan dapat berlaku adil terhadap (hak-hak) perempuan yang yatim (bilamana kamu mengawininya), maka kawinilah wanita-wanita (lain) yang kamu senangi …). 'Aisyah menjawab: "Yang dimaksud ayat itu adalah seorang anak perempuan yatim yang berada pada asuhan walinya, lalu walinya itu tertarik dengan kecantikan dan hartanya dan berhasrat untuk mengawininya namun memberikan haknya lebih rendah dari yang biasa diberikan kepada istri-istrinya sebelumnya maka mereka dilarang menikahinya kecuali bila mereka dapat berlaku adil kepada mereka, dan mereka diperintahkan untuk menikahi wanita-wanita lain selain mereka". 'Aisyah berkata: "Kemudian orang-orang meminta fatwa kepada Rasulullah shallallahu 'alaihi wasallam setelah itu, maka Allah 'azza wajalla menurunkan firman-Nya QS an-Nisaa' ayat 126 yang artinya (dan mereka meminta fatwa kepadamu tentang para wanita. Katakanlah; Allah akan memberikan fatwa kepada kalian tentang mereka..) 'Aisyah berkata: "Maka Allah menjelaskan dalam ayat ini bahwa seorang anak yatim perempuan jika memiliki kecantikan dan harta lalu walinya berhasrat menikahinya namun tidak memberikan haknya dengan melengkapi mahar sebagaimana semestinya. Namun bila anak yatim perempuan itu tidak memiliki harta dan kecantikan mereka meninggalkannya dan mencari wanita selain mereka". Beliau bersabda: "Sebagaimana mereka tidak menyukainya disebabkan sedikit hartanya dan tidak cantik lalu meninggalkannya maka mereka juga tidak boleh menikahinya saat tertarik kecuali bila mereka dapat berlaku adil kepadanya dengan menunaikan maharnya secara wajar serta memberikan hak-haknya
Telah mengabarkan kepada kami [Muhammad bin Al Mutsanna] dan [Muhammad bin Basysyar] mereka berdua berkata; telah menceritakan kepada kami [Muhammad bin Ja'far] dia berkata; telah menceritakan kepada kami [Syu'bah] dia berkata; aku mendengar [Abu Ishaq] menceritakan dari [Abu 'Ubaidah] dari ['Abdullah] dari Nabi Shalallahu 'Alaihi Wa Sallam. Abdullah berkata; "Rasulullah Shalallahu 'Alaihi Wa Sallam telah mengajarkan Khutbah Hajah kepada kami, yaitu, 'Segala puji bagi Allah, kita memohon pertolongan dan ampunan kepadanya, berlindung kepadanya dari kejahatan jiwa kami dan kejelekan perbuatan-perbuatan kami. Barang siapa yang diberikan petunjuk oleh Allah, maka tidak akan ada yang bisa menyesatkannya. Barangsiapa yang telah Allah sesatkan, maka tidak akan ada yang bisa memberinya petunjuk. Aku bersaksi tiada tuhan (yang berhak disembah) kecuali Allah, dan aku bersaksi bahwa Muhammad adalah hamba dan utusannya'. Kemudian beliau membaca tiga ayat berikut ini: 'Wahai orang-orang yang beriman, bertakwalah kepada Allah dengan sebenar-benar takwa kepadanya, dan janganlah kamu mati melainkan dalam keadaan beragama Islam'. (Qs. Ali 'Imran (3): 102). 'Hai kalian manusia, bertakwalah kepada tuhanmu yang telah menciptakanmu dari diri yang satu, dan daripadanya Allah menciptakan istrinya, dan daripada keduanya Allah memperkembangbiakan laki-laki dan perempuan yang banyak, dan bertakwalah kepada Allah dengan (mempergunakan) nama-Nya kamu saling meminta satu dengan yang lain, dan (periharalah) hubungan Silaturrahim. Sesungguhnya Allah selalu menjaga dan mengawasimu'."(Qs. An-Nisaa'(4): 1). 'Hai orang-orang yang beriman, bertakwalah kepada Allah dan katakanlah perkataan yang benar'."(Qs. Al Ahzaab (33): 70). Abu Abdurrahman berkata; Abu Ubaidah tidak pernah mendengar dari Bapaknya sedikitpun, demikian juga Abdurrahman bin Abdullah bin Mas'ud dan Abdul Jabbar bin Wa'il bin Hujr
Telah menceritakan kepada kami [Qutaibah bin Sa'ad] telah menceritakan kepada kami [Sufyan] dari [Hisyam bin 'Urwah] dari [bapaknya] dari ['Aisyah radliallahu 'anha] bahwa ayat yang berbunyi: QS An-Nisaa: 128): ("Apabila seorang isteri takut suaminya akan berbuat nusyuz (tidak mau menggaulinya) atau berlaku kasar terhadapnya"), dia ('Aisyah radliallahu 'anha) berkata: "Itu adalah seorang suami yang melihat pada isterinya apa-apa yang tidak menyenangkannya berupa pelanggaran dosa besar atau lainnya lalu dia berniat menceraikan isterinya lalu isterinya itu berkata: "Pertahankanlah aku dan bersumpahlah kepadaku terserah apa saja yang kamu kehendaki". 'Aisyah radliallahu 'anha berkata: "Maka tidak berdosa bila keduanya saling ridho